Gay Marriage- A Controversial Topic - 1074 Words

Gay marriage has been a controversial topic that is highly debated all around the globe, containing many of its own varying viewpoints and beliefs on both sides of the argument. Those who oppose same-sex marriage believe that it is a sacred bond that can only be kept sacred between a man and a woman, and that same-sex marriage will ruin the sanctity of marriage. Also, if gay marriage is allowed they believe that it will open the door to other non-traditional relationships to be accepted such as polygamy. Finally other key oppositions come from religious beliefs and standards. However the many that support gay marriage usually argue that everyone should have equal right to be in relationships with each other and receive the financial, emotional, and social benefits of marriage. I mean who really would be affected if same-sex marriage were to become legal? Nobody. If everyone feels that there is that special someone whom they are perfect for and will fall in love with, gay people woul d feel the same way. They deserve equal opportunity to not only find that perfect somebody but to be able to love them and get married. Leading to parenthood, and while gay couples are not able to have children on their own, that doesn’t mean they can’t adopt children off the street. However, several times have happened where a gay couple were put at the end of a waiting list or even denied completely just because of their sexual orientation. Other benefits to marriage are also tax breaks andShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Is A Controversial Topic1890 Words   |  8 PagesGay marriage is a very controversial topic within the United States and has been for the past decade or more. This subject may be relatable to you because this topic greatly influences the equality of all people, regardless of sexual preference, and someone you might know could be struggling with their basic human rights. In these three pictures you can see the varying views people hold on this topic an d how by viewing their facial expressions, the setting, and the objects in the pictures, we canRead MoreLiterature Review Gay Marriage around the world is something of a controversial topic. Everyone900 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review Gay Marriage around the world is something of a controversial topic. Everyone has a different opinion on the rights of gay people and how exactly the matter should be addressed. Some countries have made it illegal to practice homosexuality; some even consider it punishable by death. But what do Christians around the world and specifically in South Africa think about it? Andrew Sullivan discusses the fact that younger people during our time period find homosexuality more acceptableRead MoreMedia Analysis of a Current Controversial Issue875 Words   |  4 Pages Homosexuality is the current controversial issue that has hit the media. One cannot avoid the topic of homosexuality in the news, movies, books, social media, newspapers, and even in politics. Homosexuality has become a controversial issue around the globe today. After Uganda outlawed homosexuality in its country, the topic has been trending everywhere in the mainstream media, and the social media. Some nations like the US have legalized homosexuality and this is why there has been uproar afterRead Moreâ€Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized† Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Draft: Essay 3. â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized†. July 18th 2012. Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized. As we know, same-sex marriage has been discussed and argued for a long time. Within the controversial topic of gay rights, there’s no area more controversial than same-sex marriage. And all of us ask ourselves if same-sex marriage should be legal or not. But the fact is that we have to start thinking about it as a moral and religious topic. The government shouldn’t legalizeRead MoreGay And Same Sex Marriage963 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of gay (or same-sex) marriage has been a controversial topic throughout the nation for many years. Like most issues, different people have opposite views on the idea of the subject. Some states governments support the idea while others are totally against it. Also, within each individual state there are people that have their own opinion of the issue. Both supporters and opponents within the states have tried to pass different amendments to established laws, in which reflect their viewsRead More500 Word Essay on a Kind Thing I Did f or Someone630 Words   |  3 Pages The topic of gay marriage has always been controversial. Anytime the idea of same sex couples being allowed to marry is brought up there’s almost always an argument started. It’s viewed by many as wrong and many think it should remain illegal, but why? If two people are happy, no matter the gender, why should anything stop them from marrying? Male and female, male and male, or female and female, it shouldn’t matter; if they’re happy and want to marry, let them. Most often the idea of gay marriageRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Our Society1301 Words   |  6 Pageshave a say in your medical treatment. (Black out) (__) In our highly diverse and multicultural society it is inevitable to see controversial issues raised and debated. In our modern day 21st century, much advancement has been made around the world relating to a number of controversial topics. One such issue that has been advanced around the world is the topic of Gay Marriage and whether or not it should be legalised. The situation I provided at the start provides a real world scenario for most homosexualRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay745 Words   |  3 Pagesyears, the word â€Å"gay† gradually be known by the public. At the same time, gay-discrimination grows up to be a hot topic. Like racial discrimination, gay-discrimination is also an argumentative topic. The Williams Institute did a survey about â€Å"How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender?† According to the survey, approximately 9 million people in America identify as LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender). Not only in America , gays exist all over the world. So gay-discriminationRead MoreLegalization of Gay Marriage Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of gay marriage has been a major controversial topic for a long time. Although, many people do not know what it means to be homosexual, most people do not know the actual definition of homosexuality and they do not know how difficult it is to be gay in this society. There are many reasons why people are against gay marriage and homosexuals all together. Most of the reasons are based on religious bias another big reason is being afraid of the unknown. Some smaller reasons are that beingRead MoreHow Same Sex Marriage Affects Society1469 Words   |  6 PagesHow Same-Sex Marriage Affects Society â€Å"In the year of 1996, the Defense of Marriage Act became a federal law. The act restricted federal marriage benefits and inter-state marriage recognition to heterosexual couples only. Gay advocates have been lobbying to remove those restrictions and redefine marriage to include same sex and bisexual adults arguing that accepting gay marriage would not harm heterosexual marriage and that religious restrictions on marriage are biased† (English). â€Å"About 18,000

Walt Disney Company Is Worth Investing - 1348 Words

As one of the largest multimedia companies in the world, The Walt Disney Company includes all aspects of American entertainment, including animation, music, production, and theme parks. Founded in 1923 by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney, the business has grown from silent animations films to diversify into all aspects of the entertainment industry, primarily focusing on all interests of the typical American family. The company, since its founding, has proved to be a worthy investment on all standings. Its constant production of imaginative creations has provided an eternal loyal fanbase that continues to generate massive amounts of profit. Therefore, the Walt Disney Company is worth investing in, because of its ongoing generation of wealth†¦show more content†¦With success upon success granted to the company, Disney decided to work towards creating its first feature film. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered December 21st, 1937, marking the beginning of an almost 100 y ear saga of films that the corporation is well known for today. Over the next several years, Disney continued to produce films and animation, including some relating to World War II propaganda. In the 50’s, Walt Disney Productions teamed up with Coca Cola to premiere its first television show; Disneyland. That following year, the first disney park, Disneyland, opened in Anaheim, California. As the company has grown larger and larger, more products have been added to its bandwidth, including a chain of retail stores, its own television channel, international amusement parks, Broadway shows, videogames/toys, and cruise lines. The Walt Disney Company has gone through many mergers during its long history. One of the first was the company’s acquisition of the Capital Cities/American Broadcasting Company, which is the 2nd largest corporate takeover to date. This horizontal merger served as not only a distribution service, but also as extra capital through the pre-existing channels of ESPN and ABC Family. Many of theShow MoreRelatedIncorporated In 1938, Walt Disney Has Been A Well-Known1181 Words   |  5 PagesIncorporated in 1938, Walt Disney has been a well-known name in the entertainment business. According to Global Financial Data, Disney first started offering stock to the public in 1940 with a cumulative convertible preferred and then in 1946 it offered â€Å"OTC† (over the counter) common. On November 12, 1957, the NYSE added Disney to its list. So how is the financial condition of Walt Disney today? In the next few sections, I will take a closer look at the financial records of the company including the balanceRead MoreThe Management Of The Walt Disney Company1243 Words   |  5 Pages2011, only six media companies were responsible for 90% of the things we saw and heard on a daily basis compared to fifty companies in 1983 (Lutz, 2012). The Walt Disney Company is one of them. In this report, we will take a look at how the Company has succeeded in growing into the media corporation it is today. A Look into the Company’s History The Walt Disney Company was first founded in 1923 by Walt and Roy Disney (Wasko, 2011). It was first known under the name of the Disney Brothers Studio, beforeRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company: The Art Of Brand Building Keeps Disney Center Stage1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company has evolved from a wholesome family-oriented entertainment company into a massive multimedia conglomerate. Not only is Disney a producer of media but it also distributes its and others’ media products through a variety of channels, operates theme parks and resorts, and produces, sells, and licenses consumer products based on Disney characters and other intellectual property. CEO Michael Eisner has been instrumental in many of these changes. How can such extensive changes occurRead MoreDisney Theme Parks1068 Words   |  5 Pagesand to minimize risk. I feel that Disney was motivated by all three of these aspects, and possibly others when deciding whether or not he should move more of hi s business abroad. After seeing how successful the two theme parks in the United States were doing, the next option would be to expand. By expanding the parks into five international parks, Disney’s theme parks outside the United States would reportedly exceed that inside the country. I think that Disney also wanted to diversify and to letRead MoreDisneys Brands Success1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Walt Disney Company has been successfully creating and capturing value for their customers for over nine decades. With a net worth of 74.9 billion dollars, Disney has claimed the title as of one of the most profitable companies in the world. Their product line is extensive, as they currently own and run a successful media network, several theme parks and resorts worldwide, an extensive merchandise line, a studio entertainment sector, as well as Disney Interactive. Disney’s brand’s success hindersRead MoreThe Disney Studios Marketing Strategy2266 Words   |  1 0 Pages The Walt Disney Studios Marketing Strategy IDP Marketing Strategy Burcu, Jackson, Yutaka, Mohit, Kejin History and Background of the Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is a leading diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise. It was founded by Walt Disney and Roy O.Read MoreThe Walt Disney Company: the Art of Brand Building Keeps Disney Center Stage1781 Words   |  8 PagesThe Walt Disney Company has evolved from a wholesome family-oriented entertainment company into a massive multimedia conglomerate. Not only is Disney a producer of media but it also distributes its and others’ media products through a variety of channels, operates theme parks and resorts, and produces, sells, and licenses consumer products based on Disney characters and other intellectual property. CEO Michael Eisner has been instrumental in many of these changes. How can such extensive changes occurRead MoreAcquisition Alliance and Strategic Logic Formation2205 Words   |  9 PagesAffiliation Date: Acquisition Alliance and Strategic Logic Formation The famous Walt Disney Company has made strides towards acquiring Pixar in a business deal worth $8billion. They have been rival cousins operating in the animation industry. For the past few years, there have been speculation about the imminent deal. So far, Disney has released all films belonging to Pixar. However, the distribution deal of the two companies is expected to expire after the release of cars during the summer period.Read MoreWalt Disney Media Conglomerate Analysis2632 Words   |  11 PagesWalt Disney: Media Introduction/Random Information The Walt Disney Company is the world’s largest media conglomerate. The company has the ability to be a successful conglomerate due to its Board of Directors, content theme of quality, as well as customer ordination in all its operating segments. The company has television holdings in ABC and ten other broadcasting stations, as well as cable networks including; ABC Family, Aamp;E (37%), and ESPN (80%). Each of these divisions that Disney owns andRead MoreDisney Corporate Strategy(a).Pdf5453 Words   |  22 PagesOlin Business School Washington University S-02-001 Published: 2002 Revised: 2009 Disney Corporate Strategy (A) Barbarians at the Magic Kingdom’s Gate* Introduction The next big takeover fight – and it would be a beauty – may involve Walt Disney Productions. By the time you get this issue, Disney’s defense strategy may already be unfolding. But it will produce no quick victory for Disney even if a white knight comes along, and even if the principle attacker, Saul Steinberg, can be bought

Tattoos and Their Relationship to Polynesian Culture Free Essays

â€Å"They print signs on people’s body and call this tattow†- James Cook (Losch, 2003). What might his first thoughts have been upon anchoring at one of the Polynesian islands, seeing natives covered in markings? What did the markings and designs mean? Could he have wondered what the significance was, who did this to them, and what was used to place those markings on them. Although tattoos were ultimately banned, there was an impact on the Polynesian culture; one could determine ones rank, status, and origin based on the tattoos. We will write a custom essay sample on Tattoos and Their Relationship to Polynesian Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tattoos have existed on the Polynesian islands for over 2000 years, Samoa being the oldest island in the Polynesian chain and Aotearoa-slash-Te Waipounamu being the youngest of the islands that practiced tattooing. Although the Spaniards were the first to discover tattoos in Polynesia in 1595, the first written descriptions regarding tattoos did not appear for almost two centuries (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Though there were differences between the Polynesian islands that made each island unique there were also similarities that were shared between all the islands. One of the primary differences between the tattoos on Polynesian islands was the traditional names that were used for tattooing. For example, many of the islands used traditional names for tattooing such as Moko from the island Maori, Tatatu from the island of Tonga, and Tatau from the island of Samoa. In fact the term tattoo originated from the Polynesian word â€Å"ta† which means to strike something and the Tahitian word â€Å"tatau† which means to mark something (Designbloom, 2000-2009). There were two basic design styles that were shared amongst all the Polynesian islands. The first design style was known as Etua and the second style was known as Enata (Hastings, 2009). The designs associated with Etua were of a strong spiritual nature, had a religious connotation, and were looked upon as magical symbols that would provide protection by the gods. The designs associated with Enata were based on natural designs which could be used to determine a native’s status, role, genealogy, occupation, and identity. The following are some examples of symbols based on Polynesian design and their meanings (Hastings 2009). Shark’s Teeth- Shark’s teeth tattoos are for protection Turtles- A turtle symbol represents long life and fertility Tiki- The god Tiki is often shown with eyes closed. This is because Tiki is able to smell trouble before it is seen. Although Enata and Etua were distinct styles, the patterns and designs used by the various islands, and the tribes of each island were distinct enough to set them apart from one another. The following was noted, â€Å"Within the islands currently known as French Polynesia (the Society, Tuamotu, Austral, Gambier and Marquesas groups), the individual island groups or even individual islands had unique designs. Thus, it was possible to identify a person’s origins based on their tattoos† (Losch, 2003). An example of the ability to identify natives based on their island of origin was the spiral motif used by the Maori natives of Aotearoa-slash-Te Waipounamu. Not only was it possible to identify the island of origin it was also possible to determine the status that one held within the tribe. The ritual of receiving a tattoo normally began as one reached teenage years; this was looked upon as a rite of passage into adulthood. Additional tattoos were added over time; the more a man was tattooed the more prestige he had (Opusmang, 2008). Tattoos played an important role in determining how one was looked upon within the tribe, tattoos were associated with wealth, strength, and power. Consequently, it was not uncommon for the chief, and the warriors to have the most detailed, and extensive tattoos. Additionally, Tattoos were so important in the culture that those men, who were completely tattooed, known as to’oata, were admired; however, those men who were not tattooed were despised by their tribe (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Tattoos on men were far more extensive then on women and included intricate designs. The tattoos on Samoan men’s thighs were so extensive that it almost appeared as though they were clothed. Additionally Samoan men had a tattoo that was referred to as a â€Å"pe’a† which covered their thighs, buttock, lower back, and concluded with a piece around their naval. Unlike the design of the female referred to as â€Å"malu†, which was a lace webbing design, the design of the â€Å"pe’a† was a solid pattern. As opposed to males, the tattoos on females were generally located on the hands, feet, arms, ears, and lips (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Women of wealth were allowed to have their legs tattooed if they chose to do so. There were additional differences that related to men and women when it came to tattoos. One such difference related to Tahitian women, it was common practice for them to have a deep blue hue on their loins and buttocks. Another common practice occurred when a young girl reached the age of 12, her right hand was tattooed, at which point she was allowed to prepare food, and join in the ritual of rubbing coconut oil on deceased members of the tribe (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Traditionally males were the most decorated members of the tribe; however this was not the case on Fiji and Tahiti. As a matter of fact it was the exact opposite; the females were required to have tattoos. The first tattoos that a young girl received were marks on the inside of her arms, she was then deemed free of food taboos, and was then allowed accept food from others (Opusmang, 2008). The island of Samoa could very well have ended up with the same tradition as Fiji and Tahiti if not for two Samoan sisters who received their training in Fiji. Upon their return trip from Fiji the Samoan sisters, who were credited with bringing the art and ritual of tattooing to Samoa, somehow managed to reverse the tradition (Losch, 2003). Thus it appears a new tradition was started quite by accident, which resulted in the extensive and intricate tattooing of the male natives on Samoa. This new tradition was adopted by many of the Polynesian islands. Tattooing was considered a ritual that was preceded by a ceremony. The preparation that led up to the ceremony was quite elaborate, a period of cleansing was required; one was expected to fast and abstain from contact with women during this period. The art of tattooing was described by Dr. ROLLIN in this manner: â€Å"The patient was immobilized most frequently in a sort of vise composed of two trunks of banana trees between which he was attached and held tight. The tattooer, accompanied by his assistants, sang a sort of chant of the occasion syncopated to the rhythm of the tapping of his little mallet. Each drop of blood was rapidly wiped up with a scrap of tapa, so that none be allowed to fall to the ground† (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). The ritual was very painful and could go on for several days or weeks. Specific tools and dye were created to perform the ritual act of tattooing. The tools were created out of either bone or tortoise shell. The implement was shaped into a comb with needles on the end, which was attached to a handle. The dye was created from the soot of burnt candlenut which was mixed with water or oil (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). The tool was dipped into the dye; the needles were placed on the person’s body and tapped with a mallet, which transferred the dye. This process was repeated numerous time until either the individual could no longer take the pain or the sun went down. Nevertheless, it was continued the following day, and many days thereafter until the design was complete. Performing the act of tattooing members of one’s tribe was considered a sacred act which was performed by a master or a shaman. In most instances it was the master or shaman that determined the type of design, who would receive the tattoo, and when (Losch, 2003). In fact they were highly trained, aware of the meanings of the designs, and highly proficient in the technical art that was involved. As a result, the master or shaman was held in high esteem by all members of the tribe. The practice of tattooing tribe members went on for many years until the arrival of missionaries in 1797. Soon after their arrival tattooing was banned by the missionaries, it was deemed to go against the Old Testament and was forbidden by Christian churches. Consequently tattooing remained on the fringes of society, in other cases the art of tattooing completely died out, as occurred on the islands of Tonga and Rapanui. As a result many of the original designs were thought to be lost when missionaries banned tattoos after their arrival in the in 1797. Ironically traditional Polynesian tattoo designs are reappearing due to over 400 notes and drawings that were done by a missionary named Karl Von Steinen (Tahiti Tatou, 2007). Prior to the banning of tattoos by missionaries in 1797 tattoos played an important role in the Polynesian culture. Tattoos had a direct impact on tribal hierarchy. In fact it was possible to determine the island of origin and the status one held in the tribe based on the design of the tattoos, the locations of the tattoos, and the number of tattoos that covered the body. There were, in fact, differences between male and female members of the tribe when it came to determining the location of the tattoos, the designs of the tattoos, and the quantity of tattoos. The fact that individuals were willing to endure such pain over many days or even weeks is an indication of how important tattooing was to the Polynesian culture. Try to imagine the pain associated with being tattooed, the only choices available are to proceed with the tattoo or risk being shunned, ostracized, and despised by the tribe. How to cite Tattoos and Their Relationship to Polynesian Culture, Papers

Angels on the Road free essay sample

I was taught from a very young age by my mother that there are heavenly beings called Guardian Angels. Guardian Angels are supposedly beings that live in heaven and on Earth watching over people. These beings are supposed to protect children from harm as they grow up, and protect people in their darkest hour. As a child I questioned the existence of these beings. For some reason I needed concrete proof for something to be true or exist. At this point in my life I hadnt acquired that leap of faith that most adults have. I still believed in God as a child, but was still curious for some proof of Guardian Angels. My mother would tell me stories of miracles that had really occurred to try and get me to believe in them. But I was still skeptical, thinking about how there are also a bunch of myths in this world. I will never forget the day I acquired a leap of faith and started to believe in Guardian Angels. I was seven years old, and it was the day I had been dreading for two months: Moving Day. We were going to move from North Dakota all the way to Minnesota, which meant moving away from all my friends and family. Now, you might be thinking, whats the big deal? But let me tell you, from a seven year olds perspective, moving is like being told you are being sent to H*ll. So, I returned to my room to look for any misplaced things. I glanced at the bare walls that used to hold my drawings and pictures, which were now just faded memories. I envisioned my bed being pushed into the corner, just under my window where I could view my tree fort. Memories flashed through my head: Mike and Evan climbing up it to meet me again to play, us pretending to be pirates sailing the ocean blue or monkeys climbing a tree. I imagined that same picture without me in it. I started to tear up at the thought and ran out into the front yard to take in a deep warm breath. I could hear the birds chirping at one another; the sun was shining its light down on the grass, making it feel like a nice warm cozy bed. I lay down to look up at the clear blue sky, taking in its endless beauty. As a warm breeze swept across my body, I started to relax and felt warm inside. I felt a calm inside of me that I had never experienced before. I felt as light as a cloud, drifting in the open air. I noticed that a stray white cloud had entered the sky. Its shape started to slowly melt, molding here and there to form a hand. But it seemed to be a hand that was pointing at something. I felt as if the cloud was trying to communicate to me. Confused, I let my eyes drift in the direction it was pointing and noticed my little brother Joey who was four years old at the time in his tiny blue overalls. He was wearing his favorite Blues Clues hat and skipping along the sidewalk. I watched him, as he picked some flowers, looked at them, and smelled them. Wow, I thought, why on earth is he acting like a girl! But my humor was short lived, as I watched him gazing at something shiny in the street. He suddenly dropped the flowers and ran over to it. As he stood near the mysterious item, the cloud from earlier blocked the sun, making me look up from the street to the sky. As I did this, I noticed some movement from atop the hill. I saw an old rusty orange pick-up truck, starting to go down the hill and gaining speed toward my bother. WAIT! TOWARD MY BROTHER! I realized frantically as I started to scramble onto my feet. I caught a quick glimpse at the truck again, and it seemed to smile at me, as if it were saying, Bring it on! It was as if this was the face of Death himself! He seemed to have revved the engine, floored the gas, and taken aim at my brother. I realized frantically that this had become a race between Death and me, to see who could reach my brother first. Time seemed to slow down, as I raced toward my innocent looking brother. I could see my mom, who apparently had seen my brother in the street. She stood on the front steps with a look of horror on her face and screamed, JOEY!!!!! Death was now only 20 feet away and was closing in fast for the kill. I exerted all my strength into one little thought: Reach my brother! Suddenly, I felt a surge of energy start pumping throughout my muscles. A mysterious force had entered my body. With this new profound energy, it felt as if I was sprinting as fast as the truck. I glanced back at Death and noticed with a heart-wrenching worry that he was winning. As I looked, I finally noticed the driver this time, but since the truck was going so fast, I couldnt even tell if it was a man or a woman. What I could tell, however, was that this driver was distracted with something else way more important than my brothers life. As I came to a speeding stop at my brothers side, I started to thrust my arm toward him when I was cast out of my body by the same strong force that had given me the energy boost. I now stood in the grass, literally looking at myself. This force or being then, using my own body, thrust my arm at my brother, grabbed a hold of his arm, and with the power of 1000 horses yanked my brother from the road just a split second before the truck reached where my brother had been standing as I stood in the yard with my jaw open. As soon as the truck had passed us I was suddenly back in my body. As I was still processing what happened, my mom flew toward us like a hawk swooping down from above to gather her hatchlings in her wings. I tried to speak up but my mother grabbed us with all her might, crying on our shoulders as tears of joy flowed from her eyes. Feeling my brother’s body squeezed up beside me, I turned to look at him. He was bug-eyed and wondering why he was being hugged. A smile came across my face as I thought, Ha-ha, that’s good old Joey for ya! As I sat there with my mother, I kept wondering what that mysterious force actually was. Only when we got back inside that house did the pieces fall into place. I was trudging down the hallway, still in shock, when I noticed that a picture was still hanging on the bare wall. It was a picture of a woman standing next to my grandpa. This woman was my grandma, who unfortunately passed away due to breast cancer before I was even born. Right then and there I just knew she was and still is special. Special because she was that force outside, or should I say, our familys own Guardian Angel.

The African and British Cultures

Early African societies shared certain aspects even though the African culture was non-uniform. Animation was utilized in religious beliefs such that nature was used to elaborate to people their way of life. Traditional beliefs were passed on across successful generations orally hence the elders had unique status. In every society, specific tasks were undertaken by particular kin groups or families. Some of the earliest kingdoms in Africa include Benin, Ghana and Zimbabwe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The African and British Cultures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Oral literature was the earliest form of African literature. However, the Arabic script was introduced by Muslims in East Africa, which eventually saw the development of Swahili. African artists prepared their works for ritual purposes and secular leaders. Natural phenomena and animals were the common symbols. Masks were used to either transform or conceal identity (Cunningham Reich, 2009, p. 529-530). The cultural and ethnic assortment of the UK has been shaped by its values. First, politeness and courtesy are among the attributes that the British are renowned for. The British society is founded on manners and etiquette following the influence from the social class system and royalty. Second, the British also use the English language to express caustic and sarcastic humor. Third, Britons are time conscious and value punctuality especially in keeping appointments. Fourth, they follow rules and regulations. Queuing is common. Fourth, they value privacy and it’s therefore important to respect personal space. It may be impolite to go asking someone’s income, background and occupation. Additionally, there is gender equality where women are accorded equal rights with men. This applies in all aspects of life such in remuneration, responsibilities and travel (Anon, 2010, p. 52-56). Reference List Anon, (2010). Cultura l values and believes. Web. Cunningham, L.S. Reich, J.J. (2009). Culture Values, Volume II: A Survey of the Humanities with Readings [With Access Code]. Boston: Cengage Learning. This essay on The African and British Cultures was written and submitted by user Cardiac to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Organizational Planning Exxon Mobil Corporation

Organizational Planning Exxon Mobil Corporation Exxon Mobil Exxon Mobil Corporation is a Fortune 500 American multinational oil and gas firm headquartered in Texas, United States. The company is the world’s second largest firm by revenue after Wal-Mart during the fiscal year 2013. The firm is also the second largest publicly traded corporation based on its market capitalization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Planning: Exxon Mobil Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Exxon Mobil Internal and External Stakeholders Internal stakeholders Employees are responsible for daily operations of the company. Exxon Mobil leverages on its employees to create competitive advantage in the industry. Shareholders provide financial support for the company and expect returns on their investments. External stakeholders Governments are responsible for regulating the oil and gas industry in which the company operates. These regulations may favor o r introduce stringent measures that can affect business operations and revenues. Suppliers are Exxon Mobil partners that provide required products and services to support the company’s operations. Customers buy the company’s products and services. They continue to demand high quality products and services from Exxon Mobil. Communities are spread globally in areas where Exxon Mobil runs its operations. The company must protect environments and communities in such areas through CSR activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NGOs continue to watch operations of Exxon Mobil with the aim of protecting environments and human rights. Academic institutions work with the company to develop the best technologies and management practices in the industry. Exxon Mobil Vision and Mission Mission â€Å"Exxon Mobil Corporation is committed to being the wor ld’s premier petroleum and petrochemical company. To the end, must continuously achieve superior financial and operating results while simultaneously adhering to high ethical standards†. From this mission statement, Exxon Mobil focuses on making high returns and profits, and it has been successful on this mission. Moreover, it also operates under ethical principles that guide its relationship with all stakeholders. Exxon Mobil Goals Global expansion – a strategic plan Exxon Mobil continues to expand globally. The company can focus on strategic partnership with countries, which have recently discovered oil and gas, especially in Africa. It may also seek further alliances with oil-rich countries. This would ensure global presence and high returns for investors. Meeting energy demand The company will have to continue to invest in energy in order to meet the rising global demand. The use of hydraulic fracturing – an operational plan The use of hydraulic fractu ring to extract shale gas has brought about environmental issues. On this regard, Exxon Mobil can leverage on the best technologies in order to enhance operational efficiency with the aim of reducing environmental pollution and increasing output from the well.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Planning: Exxon Mobil Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Emission reduction By enhancing efficiency through technologies, the company can reduce emission of greenhouse gas on a long-term basis. SWOT Analysis Strengths Exxon Mobil is the leading oil and gas company globally. Strong financial performance Adequate capital for investments, for instance, the company plans to invest about $38 billion per year through 2017 to meet the increasing energy demands by consumers Leveraging on technology for efficiency Weaknesses Decline in profits because of the reducing oil and gas reserves and productio n Too many legal issues Slow pace of using technologies for efficiency Opportunities Increasing oil and gas demands, especially in Asia New oil blocs in Africa Massive capital for investment New partnership Alternative energies Threats Economic slowdown in the US and Europe Stiff regulations by governments The industry’s fierce competition Instability in countries like Nigeria and the Middle East region Constant demands by NGOs and human right activists, especially about hydraulic fracturing technologies and oil spill (Germain and Mendola, 2013) References Biers, J. (2014). ExxonMobil profits fall as oil, gas output dips. Web. Exxon Mobil Corporation. (2014). About Us: Guiding Principles. Web. Germain, T., and Mendola, G. (2013). What Are Exxon, Shell, And ConocoPhillips Doing With Their Billions In Q2 Profits? Web.

ETHICS FINAL Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ETHICS FINAL - Assignment Example To others it is pivoting their institutions to greater heights of returns. Business ethics play a key role in establishing how such achievements are made. Quoting from the book â€Å"in the wake of the recent spate of corporate collapses in which management had engaged in questionable or illegal practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Text, page 282), is an indication of some of the ways that managers opt to take to realize the goals of the organization. It is trivial knowledge that each decision made is subject to some consequences. A business that practices ethical business protocol, is guaranteed a good reputation with other firms. Furthermore the financial state of the organization is improved considerably. A firm with a good reputation boosts of a huge number of customers, this is as a result of increased confidence in the firm. Such a firm assures customers of good quality products and services, thus it is destined to be favored by the general public. Poor business ethics are a setback to the progress of a firm. Notably business ethics trickle down from the highest management level to the junior management level, managers are delegated to be the role models, and it is their responsibility to ensure that this conduct trickles down the management levels. There are two theories that explain business ethics, according to Milton Friedman, the management’s main objective is to ensure that it returns considerable profits to the shareholders. This should be done without deception or abuse of power. Generally Milton advocates for social responsibility, but another group of people advocates for corporate responsibility. Unlike the social responsibility concept that argues that business ethics should be

The Cell Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

The Cell Cycle - Essay Example Meiosis is a form of cell division that results in the formation of haploid gametes. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes are separated. The first phase is prophase I where the chromosome condenses and pairs to recombine. The second is metaphase I that involves attachment of chromosomes to the spindle fibers and aligns with the call center. At anaphase I, the chromosomes migrate to opposite poles while spindle fibers shorten. The last phase is telophase I where there is the formation of the nuclear membrane.However, meiosis II involves separation of the chromosomes to form two chromatids. The phases in meiosis II include prophase II, where there is dissolving of the nuclear membrane, condensing of chromosomes and the formation of spindle fibers. In Metaphase II, chromosomes align at the center of attachment of spindle fibers. Anaphase II follows; chromatids migrate to opposite poles while spindle fibers shorten. The last phase is telophase II where there is the formation of the n uclear membrane. Finally, the cytokinesis occurs resulting in the formation of four haploid cells.In prophase I, anaphase I and anaphase II there is crossing over that lead to the formation of four unique chromatids hence increasing genetic variation. Crossing over is vital in the evolution since it brings emergence of species that are more adapted and resistant in the environment. The two-fold cost of sexual reproduction refers to where members must produce both male and female sexes during reproduction.

Film and music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film and music - Essay Example In this essay "Film and music", the author compares and contrast the two film Noir films The Lost Weekend and Spellbound. The idea here is to bring out the relationship between the two films. They highly emphasize on the influence of the Theremin and experimental music for the scores. The composers of â€Å"The lost weekend† and â€Å"Spellbound† have made use of theremin all through the film from the start to the end. Rà ³zsa has made use of theremin as a way of integrating boldness and creativity in the recording. The composer has also used the two films to emphasize on the psychological impacts on the characters. Spellbound is an American Thriller which tells a story of the new mental asylum head who later turns out to be what he does not claim to be. The purpose of the film is to highlight psychoanalysis virtues which come with the banishing of restoring reason and mental illness. The lost weekend film shows the life of an alcoholic writer and particularly on a wee kend alcoholic binge. The use of theremin by Rà ³zsa showed just how bold and creative he was in integrating novel approaches. He wanted to use it in The Lost Weekend because he had successfully used it in Spellbound and he thought that the two somehow related. This is alcoholism, which [the character] cannot resist†. The theremin is cued every time Don gets the urge to drink alcohol and is overwhelmed by his longing. As we can see at the start of the film, Don is silent, but he does not have to say anything silence all we need to know we can read from the look on his face. We can tell from the expression on his face that he is absorbed as he stares at the bottle that is hanging from the window of his dwelling. The â€Å"Alcohol Theme† is cued as he looks down at the alcohol bottle and the theremin has the melody. Music starts to fade as he and his brother Wick begin to talk and is later heard once again as Dons’ brother and Hellen leave the apartment after disc overing the alcohol bottle hanging by the window. When Don goes to the bar and asks for a drink, he is given, but he hesitates to take it knowing that once he does he will not stop. The â€Å"Alcohol theme† plays once more, but it stops when he takes the shot. A

Consumer Behaviour Mobile Marketing Communication Media Essay

Consumer Behaviour Mobile Marketing Communication Media Essay This research, titled; how has new media technologies affected the advertising industry and consumer behavior? Shall focus on new media is and how it has impacted on advertising and consumer behavior. The mass media has always been with us in some form or the other for centuries and over the years technology has evolved to such an extent that the world has virtually shrunk in size before our very eyes, now people can communication with anybody wherever they may be and communication features are embedded in virtually everything produced these days, Game consoles are now internet ready and two people across the world can play the same game together in real time. This research shall look at these technologies and see how they fit into the world of advertising and its implications for the industry and how consumers are reacting to these changes. The research tries to determine how new media technologies have affected the kind of messages created and how people perceive them. I shall make use of Hierarchy of effects theories and technological determinism as the theoretical framework for this research, these theories make some interesting bases for this research. I however want to note that this is a proposal and every concept, theory used in this proposal shall be elaborated upon during the main research and final compilation of findings. Finally, I hope that by the end of this research, I would have made a significant contribution to the field of advertising, business and communications and helped form the basis for more research in this field. INTRODUCTION According to Wikipedia, New media  is a broad term in Media Studies that emerged in the later part of the 20th century to encompass the amalgamation of traditional media such as film, images, music, spoken and written word, with the interactive power of computer and communications technology, computer-enabled consumer devices and most importantly the Internet. New media has also been referred to as technologies of telecommunication and computing, new user devices (e.g., videodisc machines), and their practical applications in office, home, business, health or educational environments. (Williams, Rice, and Rogers, 1988: xi). However for the purpose of this research new media technologies shall be limited to mean any device, instrument or medium through which messages in whatever format can be communicated to mass or limited audience. Virtually everything has an IP address these days, from refrigerators, game consoles even to handheld games like PSPs, Nintendo DS and so on. Today with the emergence of some cutting edge gadgets and accessories everyday life has changed a great deal, people no longer have to leave their houses to get newspapers, buy hard copies of the latest novel from your favorite author, most of them can be downloaded to your Ipad or you kindle or even to your mobile smart phone. This opens up a lot of opportunities for businesses, but poses a problem to advertisers and advertising agencies. Now advertisers are faced with the problem of creating messages that are fast paced and can communicate effectively through the most available and likely most preferred medium the mobile phone and handheld communication devices. Mobile marketing is fast becoming one of the best means of reaching the audience. Anderson supported this claim in his assertion that the effectiveness of traditional, retail, broadcast and other media channels is fast reducing, due to the high level of fragmentation in traditional channels. He went on to say that with the emergence of new media channels other media like, newspaper, magazines, radio and television are rapidly losing their audiences or market (in Becker, 2005) The research shall focus on determining the effect of new media on advertising, taking into consideration the effect these new media are bound to have on the creative aspect of advertising and also the dissemination of the messages. In general there are a lot of books and research on new media technology, but because of the ever changing dynamic world of innovative technology it is important that a research into this field is carried out especially as it is concerned with advertising and consumer behavior. LITERATURE REVIEW Different books and journals shall be sourced and used for this research. The books should give the researcher better insight into progress made in this field and other similar and relevant researches that have been carried out in this field. DEFINITIONS OF NEW MEDIA Lev Manovich (2001:43) defines new media as cultural objects which use digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition. Thus, Internet, Web sites, computer multimedia, computer games, CD-ROMs and DVD, Virtual Reality, and computer-generated special effects all fall under new media. This definition is supported in Webomedia.net which defines new media to mean a generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication that are made possible through the use of computer technology. This clearly shows that new media is electronic and make use of computer technology. Teemu Leinonen (2011) gave a good illustration of new media and even its characteristics all in a single simple diagram, which he titled holy-trinity-new-media The diagram best describes new media and it is based on this summary by Teemu Leinonen that I would attempt a definition of new media that would serve as its meaning throughout this research. From the various definitions from different scholars, new media are media that combines the features of various electronic media such as internet, computers and traditional media that allows for instant communication and feedback and also gives the user a significant amount of control. DEFINITIONS OF MOBILE MARKETING Different scholars have defined mobile marketing differently, some scholars call it Wireless digital advertising, permission-based mobile advertising, Mobile or wireless advertising, etc the implication is that in most cases these terms are used inter changeably, though they might not necessarily mean the exact same thing when looked in broader and more detailed terms. Barnes (in Bruner II and Kumar, 2002) describes mobile marketing to be a permission-based mobile advertising that is a flexible, tactical medium suitable for short, time-based communication. Bulander et al (2005: 285) describes it simply as advertising that uses mobile terminals as its target platform. Yuan Tsao ( in Jaana Tahtinen, 2006) defines mobile marketing communications as, as a contextualized advertising that makes use of a medium to disseminate customized campaigns targeting users according to where they are, their needs at the moment and the devices they are using. Scharl et al. (2004) define mobile marketing as the use of a wireless medium to provide customers with individualized information about products, services, and ideas at any time and locations, which benefit all stakeholders. In the same vein, according to Advertising age (2006: 20) mobile marketing is defined as the use of wireless media as an integrated content delivery and direct-response vehicle within a cro ss-media marketing communications program. Leppaniemi (2008: 9) gave a very detailed list of what qualifies as mobile advertising or mobile marketing; he suggested five categories which mobile advertising can be classified into; web category which includes mobile internet, Broadcast category, narrow cast category, physical browsing category which includes divergent methods such as touching, pointing and scanning that can be used to distribute information to mobile phones and lastly a category which he labeled other that covers advertising formats that did not fit well into any of the other four categories listed. From these definitions, it is clear that mobile marketing is basically communication of marketing/advertising messages directly to the target audience through mobile devices over Bluetooth, mobile internet or GSM coverage/WIFI. Any kind of advertising that makes use of mobile phones, PDAs, Ipads or any mobile communications device to communicate the message qualifies as Mobile marketing, examples are; proximity marketing, sms marketing/advertising, Bluetooth advertising etc. The researcher therefore wants to find out how this increasingly popular medium is affecting the way advertisers create and communicate their messages and its impact on consumer behavior. CHARACRTERISTICS OF NEW MEDIA From the forgoing; we know new media is electronic, interactive, uses computer technology amongst other things. The researcher however wants to find out the distinguishing features of new media, what makes them unique and why they are called new. Martin Lister, et al (2003:13-27), in their book titled; New Media; a critical introduction, gave the characteristics of new media as; digital, interactive, allows for registrational interactivity which they described to mean the opportunities new media texts affords their users to write back into the text; that is to say to add text by registering their own messages, new media allows for Interactive communications. This is supported by Henry Jenkins (2006), when he asserted that new media, virtually removes the problem of geographical separation, it is Ubiquitous, new media is digital, it is space binding and Distance Insensitivity; new media is personalized implying that these systems can be instructed to customize, individualize information for each user. He went on to say that new media is interactive, it is convergent denoting that formally separated technologies are blending together with a digital common denominator, an example is Intercast; a blend of web pages and TV. From the characteristics of new media suggested by different scholars it is clear that communications technology has evolved and there is now a convergence or overlapping of different media to create new media. The realities of these changes are not farfetched and we experience them every day. Our mobile phones have combined features of calling, texting, typing, photo editing, surfing the internet, video calling, voice sms, social networking, e-book readers, camera, and recording sound, amongst other features. All these features used to be exclusive of one another, but todays technological advancements have seen a convergence in all these media into one media-mobile phone. HISTORY OF NEW MEDIA Media simply means communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated. It includes every broadcast or narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax and internet. If this is true then the media has always been with us for years, centuries even; ancient African kings had town criers and roman empires of old had scribes, they all tried to pass messages to a target audience. Until the 1980s  media  relied primarily upon print and  analog  broadcast  models, such as television  and  radio. And since then it has been one innovation to the next; the internet was invented, computer games were created, books were written and sold without it ever being printed in hard copies; The last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital computers. Andrea Botero and Teemu Leinonen (2011) in their attempt to create a timeline for the evolution of new media suggested that there has been a convergence of communication and technology since as early as 1844, when the Morses communication innovation used electronic impulses, a key and a special code that sequences the impulses to letters of the alphabet, they trace this evolution from then till recent times when telephones using satellite signals were invented. Manovich (2001) explained the evolution of new media from 1800 when J.M. Jacquard invented a loom which was automatically controlled by punched paper cards, which later inspired Babbage in his work on the Analytical engine used for numerical calculations. He traced the history on to 1839, when Daguerre launched the new reproduction process in Paris. He continued tracing the history to the point when motion picture was invented in the 1890s. then in 1936 the universal Turing machine was invented which was capable of only four operations. Also in the same year Konrad Zuse invented the first working digital computer. In a nutshell Manovich considered the evolution and creation of new media as the meeting or overlapping of Daguerres daguerreotype and Babbagess Analytical Engine, the Lumieres cinematography and Holleriths tabulator-merging into one. From here on, new media became a combination of all this features. Today technology has evolved so much that it is almost impossible to separate everyday activities from them. Virtually everything we do uses some sort of fantastic technology, even switching on the bulb is not as straight forward as it was; it can be made much easier; just clap!!! NEW MEDIA, ADVERTISING AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Consumer behavior in simple terms is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy a  product. Certain factors affect all the variables listed in the definition. It is clear that the way we perceive and get information has changed or is changing; people are no longer controlled by the media; now you can record live programs and watch it when you have the time! When, where and how we buy items have changed; virtually anything can be bought online these days. This position is supported by Lauren Maynard (2011) when she asserted that, television experience has changed in the past decade since we no longer into appointment TV; we no longer have to sit down at a specific hour to watch a specific show. She went on to state that, today, two significant behavioral changes in consumers are redefining the entertainment landscape. These changes require television networks and advertisers to evolve rapidly to keep their shows, content, and ad buys relevant to a demanding consumer set. People now consume television via time-shifted DVR, online (legally), online (illegally), mobile device, Internet streaming to TV, and a wide variety of other methods. Viewers now consume multiple forms of media at the same time, such as watching TV on a television while checking Face book on a computer. This is commonly referred to as two-, three- or multi-screen viewing. Because people are changing the way they get information, advertisers need to ensure that they create adverts for different communication platforms that would effectively communicate with the target audience. Technologies are changing consumer behavior, which in turn changes the type of message and medium that would appeal to the consumer, hence forcing advertisers to accept these changes and provide adverts to suit these new needs. Christina Spurgeon (2005: 1), argues that Debate about how new media will impact on advertising in the medium- to long-term future has focused extensively on the new technological capabilities that enable consumers to avoid advertising. the implication for advertisers is that they now have to come up with ways to ensure that their adverts are viewed by the target audience ( it can no longer be taken for granted that everybody watching the 7pm news would see the advert during the news break), Christina (2005) highlighted some ways advertisers are trying to cope with the new media trend, she posited that, Branded content, conversational interaction with consumers are some of the ways advertisers are trying to circumvent the problem of people intentionally not seeing the advert messages because of emergence of technologies that makes this possible. It is clear that in the very near future consumers would control the type of advert messages they are exposed to. In fact Our present technologies already allow consumers to provide information to retailers and manufacturers, voice their preferences, and communicate with other consumers, salespeople, and producers (Pavlou and Stewart 2000). Marketers are able to use the information provided by consumers to segment the market, generate ideas for future products or services, and personalize their advertising messages. Thus ads can therefore be targeted not only to a demographic or psychographic group, but also to a specific individuals wants and needs It is against this backdrop that I have decided to engage in this research. New media has created new ways for consumers to get information and of course this in turn has changed the way adverts are created and how they are communicated to the consumers. It is therefore imperative to determine how new innovative technologies in communication has impacted on advertising in terms of creativity, communication, market/product reach amongst other things and how the media and also the message has affected or changed consumer behavior and to what extent. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK I shall draw ideas and build around the following theories; Lavidge Steiners hierarchy of effects theory Technological determinism. Diffusion of innovations theory Barry and Howard (in Lapointe, 2006) assert that the Hierarchy-of-effects model is created to show the process, or steps, that an advertiser assumes that customers pass through in the actual purchase process. The model is based on seven steps. According to the Pat Lapointe (2006), The Hierarchy of Effects (HOE), was founded upon the assumption of a three-stage process underlying consumer purchase behavior: Cognition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Affect à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Behavior Lavidge and Steiner (1961) write that the steps have to be completed in a linear way, but a potential purchaser sometimes may move up several steps simultaneously. The steps consumers go through before arriving at a buying decision are: 1. Close to purchasing, but still a long way from the cash register, are those who are merely aware of its existence. 2. Up a step are prospects who know what the product has to offer. 3. Still closer to purchasing are those who have favorable attitudes toward the product; those who like the product. 4. Those whose favorable attitudes have developed to the point of preference over all other possibilities are up still another step. 5. Even closer to purchasing are customers who couple preference with a desire to buy and the conviction that the purchase would be wise. 6. Finally, of course, is the step which translates this attitude into actual purchase. (Lavidge Steiner, 1961, p. 59) In short the stages are; unawareness, awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction, and purchase. Using this theory, the researcher hopes to identify what has changed in consumers buying pattern since the emergence of certain technologies. Technological  determinism  is a  reductionist  theory that presumes that a societys technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values. The term is believed to have been coined by  Thorstein Veblen, an American sociologist. Winston (in Chandler, 1994) defines it as the idea that the technology is the primary force that controls how individuals and society change. Chandler in an article written for The UK Technology Education Centre posits that Indeed, technological determinism, effectively the opposite of  social determinism, is a theory which points to technology as being  the  force which shapes society. He explained that Technological determinists hold that: Like the weather, technology is autonomous It causes social change By determining how new media has impacted on advertising and consumer behaviour, one can easily relate this theory to this research, since technological determinism focuses on how technology shapes society. Advertising has been a major routine in our life, every day we are bombarded by it; advertising in turn influences our buying patterns or decisions to a large extent. So it is the hope of the researcher to find out how new media has helped shape our society into what it is today. Diffusion research centers on the conditions which increase or decrease the likelihood that a new idea, product, or practice will be adopted by members of a given culture. Diffusion of innovation theory predicts that media as well as interpersonal contacts provide information and influence opinion and judgment. Studying how innovation occurs, E.M. Rogers (1995) argued that it consists of four stages: invention, diffusion (or communication) through the social system, time and consequences. The information flows through networks. The nature of networks and the roles opinion leaders play in them determine the likelihood that the innovation will be adopted. Innovation diffusion research has attempted to explain the variables that influence how and why users adopt a new information medium, such as the Internet. Opinion leaders exert influence on audience behavior via their personal contact, but additional intermediaries called change agents and gatekeepers are also included in the process of diffusion. Five adopter categories are: (1) innovators, (2) early adopters, (3) early majority, (4) late majority, and (5) laggards. These categories follow a standard deviation-curve, very little innovators adopt the innovation in the beginning (2,5%), early adopters making up for 13,5% a short time later, the early majority 34%, the late majority 34% and after some time finally the laggards make up for 16%. It is on the basis of these great works of very admirable scholars that the researcher as decided to focus his research. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The emergence of new technologies to enhance communication and simple everyday activities has seen an explosion of chatter and communication. Everybody is talking to somebody all of the time. So many gadgets and social networking sites are available and all trying to outshine themselves with some having as many as 500,000,000 (Five Hundred Million) members. This new community or country produced by technology has created a very rare opportunity for advertising and the advertising industry at large. It has however produced another problem for advertisers; now advertisers now have to redefine who their audiences are and how has their demographics changed, advertisers now have to create messages/adverts that communicate effectively through the various media available. Who exactly are our audiences? How best do we communicate with them? Which medium or combination of media should be used? What time should the advert be up? Where are our audiences? These are some of the questions advertisers would be trying to answer for a very long time. It is therefore the aim of this research to discover how the emergence of some unique media has affected advertising and what consumers responses are. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The findings of this study should help advertisers, scholars and practitioners in the field appreciate some of the innovative revolutionary technologies in the field of advertising and their influence on advertising and the advertising industry and also how they influence consumer behavior. Also it should help marketers and advertisers when planning their marketing campaign and strategies, as they would now have available empirical research to back up their proposals if the campaign would involve new media (which most campaigns would anyway). This research shall draw from the experiences of companies that have used some form of new media; proximity marketing, 3D projection, etc to provide recommendations on how to run an effective campaign new media. From this research, Business owners and advertisers can accurately predict the response of their audiences to their advert message and the medium through which the messages are delivered. This would help them develop messages that would appeal to the audiences and also ensure they communicate same message through the right medium. Finally, it is the hope of the researcher that this research shall serve as appoint of reference for other scholars pursuing research or knowledge in the same or similar field. SCOPE OF STUDY This research shall restrict its definition of new media to mean the following; web based advertising, handheld communication gadgets, 3D projection and Bluetooth proximity marketing. It is the aim of the researcher to categorize new media into sub groups and determine who their target markets are and how individual new innovative medium has affected the advertising industry and consumer behavior. The researcher shall geographically limit his research to the UK and Nigeria as they represent two very different economies, ways of life and general standard of living. METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION The research is aimed at finding out the effect of new media technologies on advertising and consumer behavior. Researcher shall therefore make use of a combination of the qualitative and the quantitative research methods, which shall include in-depth interviews and survey methods. 1,000 (One Thousand) questionnaire would be distributed to people through random selection around Wales and its surroundings, also an online questionnaire would be set up to give the researcher a global perspective of the issues researched. The researcher shall interview distributors and resellers of Bluetooth marketing devices and other new media, critics and professional analyst of some of these new technologies, in UK and Nigeria, also companies that use these technologies for their promotional and marketing activities shall be interviewed to get their opinion on the effectiveness of the medium they use or have used and the effect it has had on their organization as a means of passing across information and advertising. Also a recall test shall be conducted; volunteers shall be exposed to advertising messages on different platforms and their level of recall for each medium is tested and analyzed. This would help give the researcher an insight into which medium is most effective based on how easily people remember adverts viewed or listened to via the medium. In analyzing the findings found during the interviews the researcher has chosen to record the interviews to make it easier to go back and go through them again later on. The findings of the questionnaires distributed shall be analyzed using the frequency distributing table. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research findings would try to answer the following questions; Are new media technologies generally more effective than conventional stand alone media like TV, radio and newspapers? Can new media help increase sales volume? How has these new medium affected the buying pattern of individuals generally? Has it increased consumers awareness and knowledge of what they buy? What are the limiting factors of this medium? What are the advantages of this medium over other conventional media like, TV, Radio and Newspaper? How do we determine whether or not a medium is effective? Who are the target audience of new media and why? AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH The aim of this research is to determine the following: To provide empirical evidence as to the effectiveness of certain new media as advertising and publicity medium To determine the factors and attributes that makes these media effective or not To determine how new media has affected consumer behavior To contribute to knowledge in the field of integrated marketing communications. DEFINITION OF TERMS Below is a list of some terms that frequently occur throughout this dissertation and their definition from the context of this particular research; New Media: the term new media for the purpose of this research shall be restricted to mean any communication medium that uses internet, Bluetooth or new innovations in technology that can effectively communicate with a mass or targeted audience. Advertising: It is a collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific commodities or services. Advertising is a form of mass selling, employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities intended to persuade the public, such as propaganda, publicity, and public relations. Proximity marketing: Proximity marketing is the localized wireless distribution of advertising content associated with a particular place. Transmissions can be received by individuals in that location who wish to receive them and have the necessary equipment to do so. Consumer behavior: it  is the study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy a  product. TIMESCALES S/N ACTIVITY COMPLETION PERIOD REMARKS 1 Introductions, chapter one 6 weeks 2 Literature review 3 months 3 Core research: 3 trips to Nigeria to collate data and distribute questionnaires 3-5 months 4 Data collation and interpretation 3 months 5 Chapter 5 3 weeks 6 Cross checking for errors and editing 2 months 7 Binding and submission 1 month 8 Total period for project 15-17 months

Gettysburg :: American America History

Gettysburg By late afternoon, on the 2nd July, 1863, after fierce hand to hand fighting, Major General John B. Hood's 3rd Division's flanking attack on Big Round Top had been successful. Meade realising the lack of troops on the Round Tops had rushed the 1st Maine to try to thwart Jackson who having let Hood bypass Sickles force in the Peach Orchard caught way out in front of the main Union lines and seize the Top (s). Sickle was outflanked and held by Laws Brigade leaving only the 1st Maine to take the brunt of the killing power of the massed Confederate infantry. Colonel Chamberlain, commanding was killed in the first volley and whatever morale the Union troops retained was soon broken. It was over in less than ten minutes, the remnants of the Federal forces streamed back to the relative safety of their main line on Cemetery Ridge. Hood sent reports of the securing of the Tops to Jackson.Thomas'Stonewall' Jackson had assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia after Robert E.Lee was wounded by a stray shell late on the afternoon of the 1st. Though not serious, General Lee had shrapnel wounds to both legs and concussion and command had passed to his deputy, Jackson. Jackson sent for Lieutenant-General Longstreet and ordered him to get his artillery onto the Tops and commence bombardment of Meade's forces. Cabell's Battalion of Artillery is despatched to Big Round Top and commences an immediate cannonade. Alexander has despatched half his cannon to assist and by 7.00pm 67 cannon are belching their deadly breath down on Cemetery Ridge. In the pitch dark lit only by the shell bursts of the Confederate fire the Union troops mill about in panic. Orders are countermandered , duplicated and totally confused as officers try to keep their various charges in check. The casualty toll is becoming horrendous and more and more troops are trying to flee the field. Unfortunately, in the dark they have little sense of direction and hundreds are going from one field of slaughter to another as Ewell has his men on battle stations on the right flank. Those fleeing forward rush into Pickett's command . At 10 pm the bombardment ceases as the Rebel artillerists realise they are running low on ready supplies of shells. Though they would not realise until morning that the battle was won, they had done the damage with their evening fusilade. Gettysburg :: American America History Gettysburg By late afternoon, on the 2nd July, 1863, after fierce hand to hand fighting, Major General John B. Hood's 3rd Division's flanking attack on Big Round Top had been successful. Meade realising the lack of troops on the Round Tops had rushed the 1st Maine to try to thwart Jackson who having let Hood bypass Sickles force in the Peach Orchard caught way out in front of the main Union lines and seize the Top (s). Sickle was outflanked and held by Laws Brigade leaving only the 1st Maine to take the brunt of the killing power of the massed Confederate infantry. Colonel Chamberlain, commanding was killed in the first volley and whatever morale the Union troops retained was soon broken. It was over in less than ten minutes, the remnants of the Federal forces streamed back to the relative safety of their main line on Cemetery Ridge. Hood sent reports of the securing of the Tops to Jackson.Thomas'Stonewall' Jackson had assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia after Robert E.Lee was wounded by a stray shell late on the afternoon of the 1st. Though not serious, General Lee had shrapnel wounds to both legs and concussion and command had passed to his deputy, Jackson. Jackson sent for Lieutenant-General Longstreet and ordered him to get his artillery onto the Tops and commence bombardment of Meade's forces. Cabell's Battalion of Artillery is despatched to Big Round Top and commences an immediate cannonade. Alexander has despatched half his cannon to assist and by 7.00pm 67 cannon are belching their deadly breath down on Cemetery Ridge. In the pitch dark lit only by the shell bursts of the Confederate fire the Union troops mill about in panic. Orders are countermandered , duplicated and totally confused as officers try to keep their various charges in check. The casualty toll is becoming horrendous and more and more troops are trying to flee the field. Unfortunately, in the dark they have little sense of direction and hundreds are going from one field of slaughter to another as Ewell has his men on battle stations on the right flank. Those fleeing forward rush into Pickett's command . At 10 pm the bombardment ceases as the Rebel artillerists realise they are running low on ready supplies of shells. Though they would not realise until morning that the battle was won, they had done the damage with their evening fusilade.

Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners

Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners and losers (15) Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation over the past hundred years has undoubtedly made the world more interconnected including closer societies, politics, economies, cultures and the environment. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services.There are those who argue that globalisation creates â€Å"winners† and â€Å"losers,† as some ountries prosper, mainly European countries and America, whilst other countries fail to do well. For example, USA and Europe fund their own agricultural industries heavily so less economically developed countries get ‘priced out' of certain markets, even though they should theoretically have an economic advantage, as their wages are lower. The globalisation of economies has resulted in many winners from the developed nations while also improving improved the standard of living in many developing nations.As well as this numerous winners include most western nations, some third orld labourers and international institutions. The globalisation of nation's economies has definitely improved the lives of millions across the planet, in both developed and developing countries. By far the major winner from this process has been the citizens and corporations of developed countries. This is due to many factors that have come to fruition in the later half of the twentieth century.Specifically, the roles of TNC's, global financial institutions and consumerism all have ties to economic globalisation. Despite the criticisms that surround transnational orporations, they have been directly investing in developing countries and with their expansion into these markets, have actually raised the standard of living in many third world countries. An example of a transnational corporation creating winners with the globalisatio n process is McDonalds.This is a major example of globalization in both the economic and cultural sense, with nearly 50 million people around the world being served daily. The primary economic winner in recent times from McDonald's globalisation process has been East Asia, as in 1975 when McDonald's pened it first restaurant in Hong Kong, it brought with it a high standard of professional service and the first restaurant to continually offer a clean eating environment, which customers came to demand from all restaurants later.Another winner of the globalisation process, are the third world workers employed by transnational corporations. Although the western world sees sweatshops as immoral and unethical, the labourers who work in these places are often being paid a higher wage than most of their fellow citizens. This means through the economic lobalisation process and cross border corporations, workers in developing countries have the opportunities to survive and beat the poverty cy cle.While there nave been many winners trom economic globalisation, there nave also been and will continue to be many losers. There have been many losers including most third world countries, the environment and ironically even most western countries. The primary loser from globalisation has been the developing countries, who have supplied the labour and raw material necessary to fuel globalisation. In any third world countries, globalisation has had the negative effect of creating sweatshops, where workers are paid low wages to do hard manual labour in often poor conditions.These sweatshops are run by transnational corporations, that have the aim of minimising costs by taking advantage of the relaxed labour laws often in developing countries. An example of a transnational corporation that uses sweatshops is Nike, as its shoes are made in many Asian countries at a low cost and then sold in western countries for a profit. After the goods are sold and the wages aid, the transnational corporations take any profit made back to their headquarters or home country.This leaves the developing countries in poverty as the workers are being exploited for a minimal wage while the country sees very little of the profits. However, not only are the developing countries affected by economic globalisation, the developed countries that are often at the center of globalisation also experience problems. A major loser that has resulted from the integration of economies specifically in times of economic downturn has been all economies, including both eveloping and developed.It can be seen that the primary losers from economic development are developing countries; however, developed countries can also be losers. Another significant loser from economic globalisation is the environment; this problem affects all countries on the planet and has been getting worse over time. The environment has been abused and neglected since the beginning of the industrial revolution and today is current ly at a precipice. Developed countries are the worst offender when it comes to the abuse of the environment.There are positive aspects of globalisation as seen in developed countries, also now many developing countries are to some degree enjoying the benefits. However, transnational corporations and the developed world are still generally exploiting developing countries. Likewise, the planet's environment is still being expended at a faster rate than it is being replenished or replaced and will surely cause problems for future generations. Therefore, it can be said that the globalisation process of integrating nation's economies has had both positive and negative effects on the world.

20 Psychology Dissertation Ideas That Will Work for You

20 Psychology Dissertation Ideas That Will Work for You In our first guide, 10 facts for dissertation on principles of psychology, we discussed ten credible facts about principles of psychology to help you write a better, more concise dissertation paper. In this second guide, you are provided with 20 dissertation ideas that will work for you, so that you can start writing fluently, without worrying about spending hours on research or evaluating what topic to choose. We have also included a sample based on one of the 20 Psychology dissertation ideas which would help you tremendously in writing an excellent dissertation paper. We highly recommend that you read our third and final guide as well, guide for a winner dissertation on principles of psychology, which rounds off the three-guide set nicely by helping you compose a successful dissertation on Principles of Psychology. After all, there’s no harm in gaining the respect and admiration of your professor. Without further ado, here are 20 topics on principles of psychology: Understanding the Most Famous Psychological Metaphor of James – Stream of Consciousness What’s the Main Perspective Shared by James-Lange Theory? The Perception of Human Habits According to the Studies of Psychology Does Free Will Exist? What do Psychologists Have to Say about it? The Influence and Perception of Principles of Psychology Pioneer Principles of Psychology that Changed the Whole Perception of How Humans See Their Consciousness Anonymous Fields of Psychology Besides Consultation, Hypnosis and Therapies What are the Respective Roles of Research-Psychologists and Psychologist-Practitioners? Why All Humans Are Considered Scientists According to Psychologists What is Psychobiology and Who was the Pioneer behind This Phenomenon? The Structure and Functions of the Brain as well as the Central Nervous System How Neural and Endocrinological Systems Work in Our Brain The Psychological Consequences of Stress and Depression How Stress can Cause Cardiovascular Diseases due to Lifestyle Behaviors or SNS Effects Aspects of Behavioral Psychology that Have Direct Applications in OHS How Organisms Learn about the Connections between Consequences, Behaviors and Situations What do Psychologists Mean by Positive Reinforcement and Punishment? Types of Reinforcements that are Readily Applicable in Workplace Situations The Development of Cognitive Psychology and its Role in the Field of Psychosis What is Personality Psychology and What Varieties of Approaches Have Proved Controversial? Great topics, were they not? If you are having trouble choosing a topic, consider choosing a topic which sounds simple, easy to write and one which you know something about. This would really help you save a lot of time. As promised, we have also included a sample which is written on one of the above topics, to ensure that you become fully aware of how a dissertation should be composed. Don’t forget to read our final guide, guide for a winning dissertation on principles of psychology; it’s a must read and should be read in order to make sure that you get the most out of these three guides. Without further ado, here is the sample: Sample Dissertation: What do Psychologists Mean by Positive Reinforcement and Punishment? We are all well aware of the scientific study on the mind and human behavior, which came to be known as Psychology. However, there are many methods, techniques and principles we don’t know yet. Two of the most commonly used methods of determining human behavior are positive reinforcement and punishment. These methods are most commonly used in Behavioral Psychology. The main objective is to condition the behavior of a particular human being or animal. Behavioral Psychology is interpreted as the study and psychology of learning and motivation. A research was conducted on hungry cats that were put in a closed box with a lever â€Å"to open the box†, so they could eat the food which was right outside the box. Even though initially, the cats responded as they normally do if they get stuck in a situation like, once they became aware of the fact that pulling the lever would open the box and allow them to eat the food – they adapted quickly. This kind of behavior that’s controlled by consequences, indicates that a stimulus (the box in this case) leads to a response (pulling of the lever for food delivery) which is then reinforced (adapting to ‘the pulling of the lever’ in order to eat the food). For example, when a child is told to behave well at the shopping mall while his parents shop and he follows the orders, he might receive a chocolate bar, which clearly is â€Å"positive reinforcement†. On the other hand, if the child misbehaves, he gets grounded at home: â€Å"punishment†. The concept of Behavioral Psychology has been heavily influencing many domains including education and health care. While Behavioral Psychology has allowed psychologists and psychiatrists to understand human psychology better, it becomes a little problematic when behaviorism is taken to its full extent. However, it’s been an effective treatment for some disorders and has helped explain behavioral connections along with increasing and decreasing the likelihood of particular behaviors. While behaviorism can be a little too dangerous when it’s exceeded beyond its cautionary limit, it has helped the realm of science and human species in wonderful ways. For the betterment of humanity, it’s very helpful for the human species to discover more about human psychology, which would eventually change the way we think about ourselves. That’s it! Now you should check out our final guide, guide for a winning dissertation on principles of psychology, which would help you write and compose a perfect dissertation to wow your professor. References: Schwartz, B. Robbins, S. J. (1995). The Psychology of Learning and Behavior. 4th Ed. WW Norton Co. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton Century Crofts. Stone, E. R., Yates, J. F., Parker, A. M. (1994). Risk communication: Absolute versus relative expressions of low-probability risks. Organizational Behavior Human Decision Processes, 60(3), 387–408. Sutherland, H. J., Lockwood, G. A., Tritchler, D. L., Sem, F., Brooks, L., Till, J. E. (1991). Communicating probabilistic information to cancer patients: Is there noise on the line? Social Science Medicine, 32(6), 725–731. Swenson, R. (2006). Review of clinical and functional neuroscience. Chapter 9 – Limbic system. Dartmouth Medical School. Retrieved from dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_9.html Theorell, T., Karasek, R. A. (1996). Current issues relating to psychosocial job strain and cardiovascular disease research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 9–26. Thomas, C. L. (Ed). (1985). Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary (15th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal Intelligence. New York: The Macmillan Company. Tversky, A. Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. UCL (University College London). (2011). Whitehall II (also known as the Stress Health Study). Retrieved from ucl.ac.uk/whitehallII/ Webster, R. (1996). Why Freud was wrong: Sin, science, and psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Basic Books. Weinstein, N. D., Klein, W. M. (1996). Unrealistic optimism: Present and future. Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 15, 1–8. Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology: Themes and variations (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

English to Become the Official and Obligatory Language of the Internet

English to Become the Official and Obligatory Language of the Internet English to Become the Official and Obligatory Language of the Internet English to Become the Official and Obligatory Language of the Internet By Daniel Scocco The Central Authority for Internet Control (CAIC) announced today that they plan to make English the official and obligatory language of the Internet, and that by 2010 all the web pages should already be using English exclusively. The objective of this regulation is to make the access to information universal and convergent. Owners of websites that currently display information in other languages will have two years to translate all their content, else they risk getting shut down. Here is a quote from the spokesman of the central authority: Currently the different languages used on the Internet make it difficult both for search engines and human users to find and compare information across different sources. We know that the migration towards a English-based web will present challenges, but we believe that it is a move in the right direction. Personally I think that this is a stupid regulation. They will force people to translate their web pages? What if someone does not know English? There are many problems involved with it, as you can see. Time will tell if they will manage to make this effective or not. If you have a website that is not in English, however, it would be a good idea to start talking with your hosting provider to see if they will comply with the new regulation. If so you will need to start translating your pages as soon as possible. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with Heart36 Poetry Terms50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

The aspects of inclusion on the children with the special needs Essay

The aspects of inclusion on the children with the special needs - Essay Example The term ‘inclusion’ has been driven into different layers; it is different from segregation, integration, and mainstreaming. In its general sense inclusion is â€Å"the philosophy and practice of providing learning opportunities for all children according to their needs† (Inclusive Practice: Study Guide, p.6). Inclusive practice takes into account all the children and the learning activities are arranged in satisfying the various needs of the children. For Lesley Lyons each child has the â€Å"fundamental right to be a part of a family, a community and a society that will enrich their lives and be enriched by the presence of theirs† regardless of their similarities and differences (Lyons, 2005, p.16). Similarly, National Association for the Education of Young Children considers inclusion as embodying â€Å"the values, policies, and practices that support the right of every infant and young child and his or her family, regardless of ability, to participate in a broad range of activities and contexts as full members of families, communities, and society (Early Childhood Inclusion, 2009, p. 2). The benefits and challenges of inclusive practice for all involved The Child: Inclusive practice places the children with different needs together and it is framed in accordance with their needs. Inclusion allows and facilitates the overall growth of a child. As the course is in accordance with the needs of the child, it is highly result oriented.

Automobile Accidents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Automobile Accidents - Research Paper Example Automobile drivers and other stakeholders who are part of automobile accidents can take control of internal factors to decrease the rate of automobile accidents. The reasons due to which automobile accidents are caused include substance abuse, cultural factors, use of mobile phone, personality traits and experience. It is most commonly believed that when individuals are under the influence of substances such as alcohol or drugs, they tend to loose control over their vehicle and cause accidents. Several accidents throughout the world are linked with alcoholism. A study was conducted by Richer and other researchers to ensure whether driving under influence of cannabis results in automobile accidents or not (Richer, 2009). The literature review section of the research proved that various researches have stated that when a driver is under the influence of cannabis there are higher chances of automobile accidents as the driver looses his control over the vehicle. The study conducted by Richer was related to driving type and by those who abuse cannabis. The research proved that when drivers are under the influence of cannabis, they drive in a reckless manner and are negative state of emotion. This opinion has been countered by Guastello through his research in which he hypothesized that individuals w ho are addicted to alcohol and are heavy alcohol drinkers are mostly involved in road accidents even when they are not under the influence of alcohol (Guastello, 1987). The research took place for three years in which 1300 respondents who were at the undergraduate level of their education reported incidents of near missed accidents each week and a questionnaire was used to measure their level of alcohol and drug abuse. The research concluded that the hypothesis was null and there was no or miniature connection between use of drugs and alcohol and automobile accidents. As stated by WHO that the 70% of the deaths that take place throughout the

Crown Cork Summary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crown Cork Summary - Research Paper Example The Crown Cork was established in 1892. The founder of the Crown Cork is William Painter. The company took the right turn towards success back in 1892, when the founder of the company came up with a new and much better way of packing beer and other soft drinks than the ways that were in practice in those years. The company first invented a cap for the bottle of SuperEnd beverage. The vision introduced by Painter brought an altogether change and revolution in the industry of bottling. Six years after its establishment, in 1898, Painter introduced the syruper-crowner into the industry, that was the first ever foot powered machine. The machine increased the efficiency of the bottle filling and capping system manifolds. Using it, an operator was able to fill and cap as many as 24 bottles in just one minute. Business flourished a lot as Painter sold more and more crowning equipment. The retailers appreciated the innovative bottle filling and capping device. Since then, many other products have been developed by this company. Although the company took a wonderful start with the popularity of its bottle packaging method, yet Crown Cork was genuinely fortunate to have excellent leaders one after another throughout its tenure since 1892.

Project Estimating Techniques Essay Example for Free

Project Estimating Techniques Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project estimating techniques are important to project managers, because they provide them with accurate predictions on which good planning and risk assessment are more soundly based. An estimate is used as an assessment tool to determine the quantitative outcome of a project. Project estimation is important because it justifier’s the project, usually at the initial stage of the project. This is because it enables the project managers to compare the costs with the anticipated benefits, thus determining the profitability of the project. Project estimation is important because it assists in enforcing the various disciplines required to make the project succeed as well as enabling everyone understand the impact of the project. Project estimation is usually based on three components, which include experience, expert judgment and task decomposition. In experience, the project is compared with projects that have been previously completed. In task decomposition, the project is decomposed into various components known as work breakdown structures and estimating the outcome of each work package. (Rad, 2002). Cost estimation technique   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cost estimation and budgeting involves estimation of the cost allocated to various duties in the project and the budget for each duty. The initial cost estimation of a project determines the fate of that particular project. It is very important to make accurate cost estimation, because if the cost is over estimation, there is a high likelihood of losing the project. Cost estimation involves identifying various elements, which include resources that are required for the project profits to be made from the project, overheads involves into the technology and the total expenses of the project. The total costs of the project should be analyzed in relation to the work packages of the project. In cost estimation, the total budget cost of each work packages in the projects identified and the process distributed over the time spent on each work package. The cost of each work package is then determined based on the activities and time spent on the package. The cumulative budget cost is used to determine the cost spent over a period of time and it analyzes the cost performance of the project.  Ã‚   The cumulative budget cost is used as a baseline against the actual cost and performance of the project. While preparing the cost estimation budget of a project it is important to consider decision-making processes, investment opportunities and performance reviews. During the project, project managers are advised to keep tract of the committed cost as well as the actual cost by collecting data and maintaining it in an information system. The committed cost should be set aside because it is money that has to be paid out in future. Another important element in cost estimation is determining the earned value for a project. This is determined by the value of work that has been performed and requires collection of data on the complete percentage of each work package. ( Lock,2007). Base and contingency estimation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In base and contingency technique, the estimation involves two components the base and the contingency. The base is referred to as the minimum expected time that is required to complete the project if everything goes as planned. The contingency is the level of trust that is usually placed on the base when all risks taken are put into account. Contingency costs are set aside only for unexpected events and omissions that may arise during the project. Separating the base and contingency cost is determined by considering everything that fail or go wrong during the project. The contingency cost is determined by using the risk analysis technique. Importance of project estimation techniques in an organization base and contingency estimation in an organization, the project manager is required to take into account all the wide risks that the project may encounter. The manager is also required to undertake a risk analysis and determine the appropriate amount of contingency to be set aside. The project contingency can be estimated by determining the money and resources to be used in the project. In order to produce an estimation of the project, the project manager is required to decompose the project into various tasks, otherwise known as a work breakdown structure. The project manager will then estimate each task as appropriate, add the estimates together and finally add the project contingency. Contingency estimation is usually based on expert judgment dependent on various cost engineering. Cost estimation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cost estimation technique in an organization is required in order to support good-decision making processes as well as making a schedule of the work. Project managers use the cost estimation technique to determine whether the project is worth the effort being put into it. The development of cash flow needs and time-phased budgets requires a proper cost and time estimation technique. Project estimation is important in an organization because it enables them decide whether investing in a certain project is good for the company. (Verzuh, 2005). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚   Project estimation is the foundation of planning a project because it establishes appropriate targets for the cost and the work packages. Project that are planned based on unrealistic estimations turn out poorly and with very high budgets and schedules. In order to achieve reliable estimates, the project scope should be well identified and defined. If the product scope is defined as unrealistic, then the estimation may be inaccurate therefore leading to very unrealistic targets; initially the project estimation is based on decomposition of the project into work packages. Project estimation is thus, essential for project planning and target setting. Reference Rad, P. F. (2002). Project estimation and cost management. Management concepts. Lock, D. (2007). Project management. Gower publishing Verzuh, E. (2005). The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley and sons.